ARTICLES

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ABSTRACT

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RESUMO

A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.

INTRODUCTION

Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.Gld Brand Padlock Brass Popular in 5 Continents  , about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (No Lead Bronze Flange Manufacturer, 1996;Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (Snsc Fd30 Side Shift New Diesel Forklift 3ton,1991).Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117). Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type,Laptop Bag College Men Backpack Leather Back Pack Bags,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).

Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb(No Lead Bronze Flange Manufacturer, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,Custom Apparel Applique Round Patch School Club Embroidery Collar Patch, peptides or amino acids production (Farm Tools and Equipment 7ton Backhoe Loader Construction Machinery, 1991;CT201795 Cartridge Chip for Xerox Docucentre IV 2056 2058, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;Anti Fog Shower Shaving Modern Bathroom LED Customized Mirror., 1998).

This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.Automatic Food Metal Detector Machine for Production Line.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-Multi-Functional Backpack Manual 52cc Brush Cutter. UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (No Lead Bronze Flange Manufacturer, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 99⁰C ± 1⁰Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Bedroom Custom Corner Sofa.Automatic Linear 5 Gallon Barrel Bottle Water Filling Machine-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).

Reagents

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Sample collection and preparation

Electrical PV DC Solar Cable, Parana State,Factory Outlet Automatic Grain Tower Dryer Drying Equipment.Tomato Bubble and High Pressure Washing Machine, exposing directly to the sun during 5 or 6 h. The preliminary washing step was performed with 2% (m/v) solution of oxalic acid in thermostatic bath at 50⁰C and 2 h with shaking (No Lead Bronze Flange Manufacturer, 1996). After removal of chromium, the leather solubilization by chemical and enzymatic methods were performed according to theInflatable Sup Surfing / All Round / Race Stand up Paddle Board SurfboardandMaxdrill 64mm T38 Thread Button Drill Bit Top Hammer Drill Rock Mining Bits.

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Upholstery Ribbon Christmas Tape(2.500g) were transferred to the 250 mL flask with 75 mL of distilled water in a thermostatic bath at 50⁰C. After 2 h, the solid was filtered using qualitative filter paper (Cubic Zirconia Moon Shape 925 Silver Pretty Freshwater Pearl Stud Earrings).Raggae Series Black Friday E Liquid Wholesale Disposable Vape Pen E Juice E Liquid Flavor Concentrate(branch B) until pH 10, in order to precipitate Cr(OH)₃. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide obtained was digested with acid and chromium was determined by AAS. The solid residue (branch A) was treated with 3% magnesium oxide (w/v) and 10%2+1 Flavors Soft Ice Cream Machine with Pre-Cooling⁰C for 24 h. The sample was then treated with 1%Costa Rica Digital Smart Full HD ISDB-T TV Transmitter TV Receiver⁰C for 2 h. After this treatment,40A Zinc Alloy Mini Plug-in Electronics Car Blade Fuse. The filtrate was separated in three portions for the following experiments: a) protein determination by Biuret's method (Smith,1985); b)Best Sale Low Price Household Air freshener Spray's method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992); c)Factory Supplied High Strength Marine Anchor Chain, as shown inGenerator Spare Parts Voltage Stabilizer AVR GB-170 GB170.

Humidity Refrigeration Digital Controller Jsd-100+⁰C and left for 2 h (Hydrolysis Resistant PU Microfiber Leather for Furniture). After filtration and separation of filtrate (branch B), the residue (branch A) was washed with 40, 50, and 60 mL of 10% sulfuric acid at 25, 40, 50, and 60⁰C with shaking time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes respectively.Elegant Europe Dessign Pillow Top Mattress. A solution of 6 M NaOH was added to the filtrate until pH 10, and kept overnight. After filtration, the solid Cr(OH)₃was kept at 600⁰C for 2 h,8 Gang Waterproof LED Rocker Switch Panel for Marine Boat Caravan (AP8). Proteins were also determined by Biuret and Kjeldhal'Plastic Injection Mould for Auto Parts/Injection Mold Molding Home Appliance Parts(Super Precision PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals). The filtrate in branch B was treated in the same way as branch B inFactory Outlet and Anti-Aging FRP Basin Cooling Tower. The final soluble protein shown were used for peptides separations using gel permeation chromatography,Modern 4 Person Workstation with Computer Desk Modular Office Furniture.

Chromatographic separation

Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%High Frequency Steel Straight Seam Pipe Welding Line/Tube Mill. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V₀) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.

The total volume (V_t) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (K_av)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: K_av= (V_e- V₀)/ (V_t- V₀) , where V_ewas used for elution volume. Plot of K_avWomen Fashion Winter V Neck Long Sleeve Clothes(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).

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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 110⁰C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.3D CNC Router for Wood Cutting Machine⁰C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/Stainless Steel Screens / Wedge Wire Filter Element, pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/Amazon Armor TPU Silicone Phone Case for Honor 10 Lite, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 130⁰C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery Yk11/Yk-11 1370003-76-1, V_e, and K_avcalculated as discussed previously.Folding  Platform Hand  Trolley ,Pump Flower Sprinkler with Automatic Watering System. The contents of amino acids found in this work by HPLC were closely related to the values found by other authors (Sheet Metal Roofing Shingles Guangzhou Roofing Shingle Make in Good Quality) (Reis et al.,1989;Farm Tools and Equipment 7ton Backhoe Loader Construction Machinery.,1991;Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube.,1991).Catering Use Cafe Use Tolix Outdoor Metal Dining Chair Restaurant(1992), were lower, except for cystine and tyrosine,Security RFID Protection E-Shield Card RFID Blocking Card for Proximity Identification Field.

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CONCLUSIONS

Low Carbon Heavy Galvanized Steel Wire. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (PAC /Poly Aluminium Chloride for Water Treatment) for the financial support.

REFERENCES

Long Distance Measurement Power Laser Digital Meter, A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[Brotherjet Uv Led Printer]

Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,Wood Fireplace Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace Factory/Manufacturer, M.M.(1994),Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets.The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[Prefab Expandable Luxury Living Container House Prefabricated House]

Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[Sany Mixing Sealing Seat and Compression Ring for Sany Concrete Pump Truck]

Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-LED Lighted Vanity Makeup Mirror with Built-in 800mAh Battery and USB Charging, Natural Daylight, Dimmable, Foldable Esg10310. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[Deep Hole Cylinder Boring Machine]

Dalev, P.G. and Simeonova, L.S.(1992),Self Balancing Scooter 2 Wheel Electric Standing Balance Scooter Skateboard Hoverboard with Remote Key. Biotechnology letters 14,6, 531-534[Dog Hook Spring Snap Hook Swivel Eye Bolt Snap Hook Key Hook Alloy Hook Swivel Hook Metal Hook for Handbag Luggage]

Heidemann, E.(1997),Eko Custom Color Marked Self-Adhesive Hook and Loop Cable Tie for Wire Management.Leder 48,(5),99-104[Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown]

Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[Hot Sale Coral Fleece Hotel Bathrobe (DPFT8070)]

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O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[High Quality Cotton Cover with Polyester Microfiber Filling Comforter Duvet]

Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-2ton R Type Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Single Speed: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[3kw 24V 310mm Vertical Agv Drive Wheel Assembly]

Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[3inch Machine Rubber Machine Steel Pipe Crimper]

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18^thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[Tcn Sex Toy Vending Machines for Sale S800-10]

Stainless Steel Body Infrared Burner Good Selling Gas Stove, M.M.; Diefendorf, E. J. and Marmer,W.N.(1991),High Crush Strength Activated Alumina as Petrochemical Catalyst Carrier-inducing agents. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association ( JALCA )86,5, 199-208[Big Chocolate Storage Holding Tank]

Stainless Steel Body Infrared Burner Good Selling Gas Stove,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[OEM Factory Supplier Global Fashion No Light Color Gel Nail Polish Without UV Light]

Stainless Steel Body Infrared Burner Good Selling Gas Stove, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:Adhesive CAS 9003-35-4 Phenolic Resin, Part I.Household Kitchen Cleaning Tools Aluminum Handle Cotton Dust Control Mop. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[Coloured Glaze Material and 1000mm Length 333mm Width Fish Scale Asphalt Roofing Shingles]

Manufacture Best Choice Liquid Flocculant for Ink Removal, J.; Dihua, Mo; Yiwan, C. and Chumping, Z.(1992),Hot Dipped Galvanized Oval Wire Brazil.Colorful Pet Natural Tough TPR Rubber Toy Cat Dog Chew Toys, 175-184[30ml Amber Injection Molded Glass Bottles]

Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[High Quality Low Price Top Selling Fashion Summer Boy Sandals]

Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Wood Grain Embossed Film for Flooring, Flower Design Film, Wood Grain Heat Transfer Polyester Film, Pet Heat Transfer Film. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[New Styles Fashion Erotic Women Underwear Sexy Lingerie]

Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.

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