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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–Factory Supply Solar Wind Turbine Hybrid Power System Home Use] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx- IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,(0.125-0.5mm) Building Material Dx51d PPGI PPGL Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.[gjmach-chn,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.[Insulin Syringe with All Sizes in Good Quality,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup-AM has not been reported.
Here,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer-Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.
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2.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder
Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine).Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. The schematic shown inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f1.jpg)
Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. (a)Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. (b)North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.[Led Retractable Dog Leash]Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, a small slit or pre-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. Finally,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting(first tab)Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, cross-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etcVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f2.jpg)
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAstm A511/Asme Sa511 Tube. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).Amber Ceramic Glass,σT,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-parallel to the print.
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Cable Protection Conduit,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. Cross-Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCar Organizer Back Seat. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013), which all had significantly smaller,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f3.jpg)
Representative cross-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f4.jpg)
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Women High Waist Belly Control PantsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. AsTexincreases,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, leading to a stronger weld.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer DeskVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexHot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f5.jpg)
0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGround High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac FactoryσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inThree Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500, respectively,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)-AM.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.
Acknowledgments
GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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