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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.Aluminium Blind Rivets.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Trailer Wheel–Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine–Household Item] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.[Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W–Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,8 - Cesium Chloride Price,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.[Keno-Tb300 Automatic Triangle Snack Tea Bag Packing Machine,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag–Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.[500 Gpd Ro System,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets] However,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head-AM has not been reported.
Here,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070-Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.
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Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine(MakerBot IndustriesHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, with the extruder moving from left to right (Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting).1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price]Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Door System Automatic Infusion Pump. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts. The schematic shown inFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. (a)Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. (b)2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)FRP Profile Made in China, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.[3G/H Ozone Generator for Air Purification and Sterilization]H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, a small slit or pre-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment. Finally,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)(first tab)Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory, cross-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum FilterVex.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windowsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAtf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Equipment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,σT,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(see Section 2.3).[OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder-parallel to the print.
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Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1. Cross-Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.3, and are displayed inOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inUltrasonic Disposable Outside Ear Loop Face Mask Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen, which all had significantly smaller,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. AsTexincreases,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables, leading to a stronger weld.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)Vexas shown inHigh Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The influence ofTexandVexCe, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.
Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Stripwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip/or extrusion.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda)).Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera, respectively,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.
4 Conclusions
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China-AM.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.
Acknowledgments
Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
