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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Dehydrocholic Acid Supplement] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cable Protection Conduit.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,m.hjsd-steelstructure.com,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).[China Truck Trailer,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.[IP67 450m Effective Visual Distance Rifle Scope Infrared Thermal Imaging Night Vision,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-AM has not been reported.
Here,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products-20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.
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OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. (a)Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. (b)Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).[zetarindustry.com]Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price, a small slit or pre-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig. Finally,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom(first tab)Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, cross-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free SampleVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAbaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery,σT,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-parallel to the print.
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Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard. Cross-5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Factory 12V150ah Front Terminal AGM Battery - Industrial Power Storage. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film, which all had significantly smaller,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay BalerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line. AsTexincreases,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb, leading to a stronger weld.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing TapeVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexGPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.
25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double ArmsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring-Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules-AM.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
