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Addit Manuf.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390

Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine  IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs

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Abstract

Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection MoldVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and AdditiveAustralia Transparent Three Pins Extension Cord with SAA Certification] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.[High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer Tile Edge Trim Metal] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.[16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,m.asiamzsteel.com,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Mushroom,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.[Factory supplied Hikvision H.265 Camera - 10.Linch Monitor - TOPO ,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo ElevatorHigh Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook]Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.[Concertina Razor Barbed Tape Wire Machine,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity] However,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-AM has not been reported.

Here,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders-30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.

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2.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine

PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(MakerBot IndustriesPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).18oz  Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office  Bottle/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. The schematic shown inPVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.

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Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. (a)Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. (b)Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.[on Edge Multi Rows Packaging Machine for Waffles]Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, a small slit or pre-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling. Finally,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card(first tab)Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Retail Shop Glass Display.Needle for Crochet Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, cross-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut PerforatedVex.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirtshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in304 Stainless Steel Round Tube. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function).Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle,σT,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery(see Section 2.3).[OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment-parallel to the print.

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Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. Cross-300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.3, and are displayed inAll Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPrecision Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Sealing Ring. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, which all had significantly smaller,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion CoverTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules, leading to a stronger weld.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish MouldVexas shown inFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army TentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kvwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer/or extrusion.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China)).Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inQuick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine, respectively,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.

4 Conclusions

M3/M6/M10/M15/M30  Harbin Alloy  Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger  for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. This measurement technique is a straightforward,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption-AM.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.

Acknowledgments

Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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