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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Trailer Wheel–Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine–Flatbed CO2 Laser Cutter for Roller Blind Fabrics] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.[Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W–Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,9d Nls Health Analyzer,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.[Blades Easily Changeable Large Drum Wood Chipper,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag–Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.[Dme Cooling Male Quick Coupling From Join Coupling Factory,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets] However,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination-Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.
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Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(MakerBot IndustriesHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, with the extruder moving from left to right (2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM).Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price]Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Croygenic Swing Check Valve. The schematic shown inPrecision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.
Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine. (a)Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. (b)5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.[6LTR Stainless Steel Foam Empty Fire Extinguisher Cylinder]Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing, a small slit or pre-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin. Finally,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring(first tab)China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, cross-Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration GramophoneVex.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windowsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Security Padlock(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNitrogen Gas Generator For Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp,σT,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(see Section 2.3).[OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Seamless Sports Legging for Women.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stackable Syringe PumpTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. AsTexincreases,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags, leading to a stronger weld.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for BodybuildingVexas shown inHigh Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The influence ofTexandVexAluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels PumpsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Stripwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics/or extrusion.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda)).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, respectively,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.
4 Conclusions
Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012),Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler-AM.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones -AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.
Acknowledgments
Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
