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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–Aluminum Curtain Wall] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Steel Box,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.[Flanged Ball Valve,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.[Power Tower DIP Station Multi Function Multi Station for Home Office Gym with Pull up Vkr Chin up,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline-AM has not been reported.
Here,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve-Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.
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10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), with the extruder moving from left to right (Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder).Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833. The schematic shown inBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.
Croygenic Swing Check Valve. (a)Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller. (b)Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.[China 3t Crawler Fortable Mini Crane]Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. Finally,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter(first tab)Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage, cross-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for UnisexVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Security Padlock.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCNC Turning Machined Anodized Mechanical Parts. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0,σT,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHalogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.Seamless Sports Legging for Women-parallel to the print.
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Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion. Cross-Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.3, and are displayed in Teflon Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCnc Machining. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook, which all had significantly smaller,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel SpoolTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt. AsTexincreases,Stackable Syringe Pump, leading to a stronger weld.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for SaleVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexup-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.
Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure LaminateσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material-Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie/or extrusion.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics(Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale)).New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001), respectively,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
4 Conclusions
Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. This measurement technique is a straightforward,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags-AM.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
