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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–www.n2o2gas.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Double Thread Bolt with Six Lobe Head Stud Automotive Car Fastener,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.[Trucker Cap Classic 5 Panel Foam Mesh Caps Blank Trucker Hat Sublimation Logo Cheap Baseball Sports Caps and Hats,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB–8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting]Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.[Electrical Pcb Push Button Switch Manufacturers Cheap Price,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone] However,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality-AM has not been reported.
Here,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling-Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.
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Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, with the extruder moving from left to right (Needle for Crochet Machine).Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine. The schematic shown in1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.[Bldc Out Rotor Motor]Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, a small slit or pre-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. Finally,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo(first tab)Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female), cross-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel CapsulesVex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNutrition Food and Fresh Pizza Vending Machine with Elevator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer,σT,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHome Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative PaperσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
