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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–Chinese-Date Cleaner Lotus Mist Cleaner Continuous Cleaning Line Equipment Fruits and Vegetables Cleaning Machine (TS-X200)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,Coffee Mug,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.[Four Way Stretch Activewear,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.[10 Mode Vibrator Gladiator Jumping Eggs Remote Control G Spot Massage Clitoris Stimulate Sex Toys,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-AM has not been reported.
Here,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine-Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.
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2.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle
ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY). IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, with the extruder moving from left to right (Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater).Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. The schematic shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. (a)Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living. (b)Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.[Shengbang Casting Investments for Dental Crowns]Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), a small slit or pre-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools. Finally,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts(first tab)Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, cross-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic BachsheetVex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality Single-Layer Rigid Flexible PCB. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery,σT,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Amber Ceramic GlassTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). AsTexincreases,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant, leading to a stronger weld.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security FenceVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy AnalyzerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cable Protection Conduit-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag-AM.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.
Acknowledgments
Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
