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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door-Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm–Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine–Pet Dog Treat Production Line] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.[Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08–Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.[Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,High Quality 2jpb-22 Electric Double Drums Underground Mining Scraper Hand Winch with Ce,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[FRP Profile Made in China] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle]99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.[Long Life Span Environmentally-Friendly Steel Framing Systems,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy–High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS]925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.[Portable Panel with MPPT or Pmw Controller,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory] However,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket-AM has not been reported.
Here,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Galvanized Bar Grating,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator-Forging Metal Building Parts.
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Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox(MakerBot IndustriesQ235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, with the extruder moving from left to right (Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv).High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal]CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal. The schematic shown inOEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.
Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. (a)Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color. (b)Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.[200w Ufo High Bay]Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag, a small slit or pre-Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. Finally,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211(first tab)Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustomized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the etc).China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks, cross-Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New DesignVex.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with ULshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PCB Assembly for Gaming Console(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCeramic Reptile Heat Lamp. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.[Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip).Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock,σT,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSteel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(see Section 2.3).[Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector]Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-parallel to the print.
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Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. Cross-Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.3, and are displayed inRepalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inUps Battery Price In Bangladesh. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White, which all had significantly smaller,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect FittingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication. AsTexincreases,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, leading to a stronger weld.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel RimVexas shown inVertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. The influence ofTexandVexHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.
Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man ChildrenσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Buildingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes/or extrusion.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads]Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc)).5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator, respectively,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inTop Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.
4 Conclusions
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness-AM.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.
Acknowledgments
Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
