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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–High Quality Vape Pen Battery] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Best Selling Wine Chiller Wine Cooler Whiskey Stone Whiskey Rocks Chilling Stone,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.[Ceramic Iron On Beads,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.[Good Price 350 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V-Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.
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2.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards
Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell).Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. The schematic shown inFactory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.
Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling. (a)Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V. (b)Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.[300w Led Sports Light]Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House, a small slit or pre-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket. Finally,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe(first tab)Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, cross-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD MonitorVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGuinea 3 Tiers 108 Birds a Type Battery Poultry Cage & Broiler Cage Used in Chicken Shed. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture,σT,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display-parallel to the print.
3.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. Cross-Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.3, and are displayed inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown incastironmaria. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine, which all had significantly smaller,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water PipeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator. AsTexincreases,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer, leading to a stronger weld.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal CrossVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.
Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running ShoesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021),Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth-AM.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..
Acknowledgments
TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
