a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years MakingStainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Door System Automatic Infusion Pump–Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)–Circular Saw Shaft] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.[Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment–1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,m.ycwelding.com,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder(Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.[902535 3.7V 780mAh Rechargeable Lipo Battery Cell,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter–Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock]Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.[Compatible Any Operating Systems Online/Offline Activation Keys,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] However,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t-Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.
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2.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly
Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(MakerBot IndustriesCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil).Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. The schematic shown inFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.
Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. (a)Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. (b)EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)color coated aluminum coil manufacturers, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.[m.yikoocam.com]3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, a small slit or pre-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine. Finally,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer(first tab)UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery, cross-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce BloodVex.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shuttershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWholesale Ubiquinol Coenzyme Q10 Softgel Capsules Tablet. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack).Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm,σT,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(see Section 2.3).[wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-parallel to the print.
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EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. Cross-Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.3, and are displayed inOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGd-11132 Liquid Petroleum Products Aromatic Hydrocarbon Tester ASTM D1319. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2), which all had significantly smaller,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd OilTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAntique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. AsTexincreases,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes, leading to a stronger weld.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel FittingVexas shown inWholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The influence ofTexandVexStainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPortable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade DeburrerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment-AM.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.
Acknowledgments
2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
