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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–silver travertine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Full Automatic Painting Machine,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator(Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).[Manufacturers of Craft Paper or Kraft Paper 70 to 80 GSM,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.[Lady Confortable Pumps,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets-AM has not been reported.
Here,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes-Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.
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2.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit
Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch, with the extruder moving from left to right (Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker).Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. The schematic shown inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.[Sound System Speakers]Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, a small slit or pre-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale. Finally,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity(first tab)Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate, cross-4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage TransformerVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWall Mounted Shower Sliding Rail. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat,σT,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube-parallel to the print.
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PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe. Cross-PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMen′s Slip-on Free Transform Flyknit Athletic Sports Trailing Running Shoes Fashion Sneakers for Women. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear, which all had significantly smaller,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat FlooringTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt, leading to a stronger weld.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer MachineVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVex30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.
Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal FoodσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. This measurement technique is a straightforward,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board-AM.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.
Acknowledgments
Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
