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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–Stainless Steel Semi-Automatic Hand Mc275 Pipe Cutting Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,ESD Dust Removal Silicone Sticky Roller,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.[Collapsible Body 10L Insulated Cooler Bag Waterproof Dry Bag,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.[PLC Control Auto Winder Cost Saving Automatic PP Strap Band Production Line in Vietnam,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design-Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.
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2.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle
Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off, with the extruder moving from left to right (Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine).Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.
10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure. (a)Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). (b)Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.[Customer Made Pineapple Style Super Warm Flannel Fleece Throw]Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, a small slit or pre-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440. Finally,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA(first tab)Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader, cross-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110Vex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRound Shape Medals Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,σT,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.Aluminium Blind Rivets(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale SatelliteTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan. AsTexincreases,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100), leading to a stronger weld.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner PlateVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexPlastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.
OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled SteelσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump-AM.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.
Acknowledgments
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
