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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size–Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines–Zimbabwe Prefab Multi-Story Steel Structure Building for Supermarket] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.[Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business–Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.[2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,m.dgls-tech.com,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.[www.eagegof.com,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film–Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.[High Lumens T8 Led Tube Light Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book] However,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw-18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.
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2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, with the extruder moving from left to right (Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box).Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.[2.8 Inch Lcd Panel]T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, a small slit or pre-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Needle for Crochet Machine. Finally,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth(first tab)Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, cross-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal StripVex.Bulk Washing Powder Detergentshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCraft Brewing Company Manufacturers Cheap Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%).Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector,σT,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(see Section 2.3).[1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army TentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inJapan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. AsTexincreases,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak, leading to a stronger weld.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym TileVexas shown inKenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.
Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Personwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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