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Addit Manuf.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390

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Abstract

Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom SizeDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion MachinesZimbabwe Prefab Multi-Story Steel Structure Building for Supermarket] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.[Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for BusinessGrey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.[2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,m.dgls-tech.com,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.[www.eagegof.com,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex FilmGood Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.[High Lumens T8 Led Tube Light Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book] However,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-AM has not been reported.

Here,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw-18oz  Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office  Bottle.

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2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, with the extruder moving from left to right (Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box).Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion]High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. The schematic shown inEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.

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Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. (a)ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. (b)Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.[2.8 Inch Lcd Panel]T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, a small slit or pre-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Needle for Crochet Machine. Finally,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth(first tab)Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, cross-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal StripVex.Bulk Washing Powder Detergentshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCraft Brewing Company Manufacturers Cheap Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%).Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector,σT,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(see Section 2.3).[1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo-parallel to the print.

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Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale. Cross-Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).3, and are displayed inVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPromotional Mens Watches Fashion Brand Vogue Watch Quartz Luxury Genuine Leather Stainless Steel Hand Watch Wrist Men#V822. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover, which all had significantly smaller,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army TentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inJapan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black. AsTexincreases,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak, leading to a stronger weld.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym TileVexas shown inKenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.

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Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Personwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair/or extrusion.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station(Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery)).M3/M6/M10/M15/M30  Harbin Alloy  Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger  for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle, respectively,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.

4 Conclusions

150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit-AM.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.

Acknowledgments

Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater][TUV Approved Y Splitter 2 Way Solar Mc4 Y Branch Connector]