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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)–Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet–Inflatable Gym Air Track Mat Yoga Mattress] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.[Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump– RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,Golf Net Practice,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.[hongraygloves,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen–Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch]Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.[Cut Heat Resistant Gloves,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter] However,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine-Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.
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Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band(MakerBot IndustriesODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone, with the extruder moving from left to right (Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person).Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price. The schematic shown inCroygenic Lift Check Valve.
Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. (a)Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring. (b)Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.[Black Chain Anchor Chain Link Mooring Chain]Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, a small slit or pre-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Finally,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor(first tab)Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies, cross-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Church LED Flameless Taper Candle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser PrinterVex.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNano Coating Spray. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15).Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag,σT,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(see Section 2.3).[Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Salewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer-Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag-AM.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.
Acknowledgments
Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
