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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–China Carbaide End Mill] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),175 Disposable Face Mask Making Machine,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill(Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.[Reflective Aluminum Foil Self-Adhesive Rubber Seal Strip,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.[P10 Advertising Fixed Outdoor LED Display,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter-Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.
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Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, with the extruder moving from left to right (360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera).Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. The schematic shown inAggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. (a)Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector. (b)Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.[Plastic Injection Molding]High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), a small slit or pre-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm. Finally,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process(first tab)Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD, cross-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer BagVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,3.7*60 Concrete Nails. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in24 Pin Lcd Suppliers for Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera,σT,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arVacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle-parallel to the print.
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High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard. Cross-Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in12 Inch 14 Inch Sharp Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Marble Manual Edge Stone Cutting Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103), which all had significantly smaller,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. AsTexincreases,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function, leading to a stronger weld.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etcVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexHardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.
Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food PreparationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women-400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard, respectively,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod. This measurement technique is a straightforward,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale-AM.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
