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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–Glass Water Jet] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Nylon Hook and Loop Cable Tie Roll,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.[Ceramic Magnet Aquarium,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).[Standard Dc Reactors Ac Drive,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder-4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.
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2.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration
99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing).Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Galvanized Bar Grating(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Forging Metal Building Parts. The schematic shown inValve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.
Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). (a)Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv. (b)High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.[20feet 29.5cbm ISO Tank Coal/Cement Bulk Container]CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF, a small slit or pre-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector. Finally,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine(first tab)Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, cross-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged LidVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in925 Sterling Mini Ear Cuff. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,σT,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMen′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console-parallel to the print.
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Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows. Cross-Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in11t Rear Derailleur Pulley. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag, which all had significantly smaller,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. AsTexincreases,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels, leading to a stronger weld.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)Vexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow WhiteσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc/or extrusion.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip)).Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, respectively,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
4 Conclusions
Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price-AM.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
