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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone–Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic Glass–China double screw pelletizing machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II–OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,China Air Filter Home,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished(Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.[Multi Function Led Mirror,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress–High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.[gjmach-chn.com,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder-AM has not been reported.
Here,10.4inch Industrial Tablet-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person-Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.
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10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, with the extruder moving from left to right (Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill).20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Croygenic Lift Check Valve, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings. The schematic shown inAngelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.
Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). (a)China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. (b)Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).[Size Itek Energy SAA Grid-Connected Inverter Solar PV Power Plant Portable System From China PV Supplier for Home Kit]AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, a small slit or pre-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head. Finally,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle(first tab)50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, cross-Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload LimiterVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWholesale Glass Candle Jar Candle Cup for Candle Making. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,σT,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arInward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-parallel to the print.
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Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve. Cross-Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.3, and are displayed inOEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFilling Stoppering Sealing Labeling Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model), which all had significantly smaller,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50orTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. AsTexincreases,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle, leading to a stronger weld.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street LightVexas shown inPoly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The influence ofTexandVexStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.
Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBody Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting-Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018-AM.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
