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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water–Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level–Sch10s Stainless Steel Pipe Seamless Tube SUS 304 316L] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.[Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway–Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.[Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),1.77 Inch Tft Lcd,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.[Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate for Water Treatment,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder–Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag]High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.[5mm Thickness Plywood Suppliers for Sale,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press] However,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair-AM has not been reported.
Here,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door-4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.
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2.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly
Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(MakerBot IndustriesPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, with the extruder moving from left to right (Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace).Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. The schematic shown inBaby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.[Plastic Manufacturer Price PVC Resin Sg5]High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, a small slit or pre-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Finally,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould(first tab)Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part, cross-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle LockVex.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Controlshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCompatible Physio Control 11996-000033 NIBP Hose. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.[ High Quality (DU650)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain).Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306,σT,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(see Section 2.3).[Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring InstrumentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUsed Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. AsTexincreases,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, leading to a stronger weld.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good QualityVexas shown inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. The influence ofTexandVexISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.
Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPackaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feedwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory-T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05),Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip-AM.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.
Acknowledgments
Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
