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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Rubber Cable] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,1.85 Gpm Brass Faucet Aerator High Quality Supplier,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).[Stone Laser Engraving Machine,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.[Coextruded Ldpe Courier Bag,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-AM has not been reported.
Here,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02-Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.
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X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample).Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. The schematic shown inFixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.
13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). (a)8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel. (b)Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.[www.gmcmagnet.com]5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, a small slit or pre-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap. Finally,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75(first tab)Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, cross-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double ArmsVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWashami Wholesale 2 in 1 Custom Fashion Lip Gloss Packaging. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts,σT,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers-parallel to the print.
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PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. Cross-2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSecurity Fence. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules, which all had significantly smaller,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse PadTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. AsTexincreases,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay, leading to a stronger weld.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation PrintingVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding DressσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda/or extrusion.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A)).4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inToray Media Dust Filter Cartridge, respectively,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
4 Conclusions
Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. This measurement technique is a straightforward,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs-AM.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.
Acknowledgments
a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
