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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay–50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine–Road Fabric] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine–1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.[Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,65/132 Conical Double Screw Extruder,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine(PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.[Zw20 Outdoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric–Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade]2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.[Adss Fiber Optic Cable Suppliers for Sale,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case] However,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad-1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.
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2.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing
New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(MakerBot IndustriesJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress).8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. The schematic shown inToray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.
Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. (a)Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace. (b)Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.[1500W Electric Detachabel Desk Top BBQ Grill and Griddle]Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, a small slit or pre-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine. Finally,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger(first tab)Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, cross-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From ChinaVex.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ceshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBronze Bush With Graphite Insert Bearing Suppliers for Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric).Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06,σT,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(see Section 2.3).[Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping ScrewTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. AsTexincreases,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls, leading to a stronger weld.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste WaterVexas shown inPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. The influence ofTexandVex2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.
1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHoneyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe BoxσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approvalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings/or extrusion.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported)).Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, respectively,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
4 Conclusions
Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer-AM.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Needle for Crochet Machine.
Acknowledgments
Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
