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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace–12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store–10 20 30 40 Inch Sintered Metal Stainless Steel Cartridge Filter for Oil Industry Filtration] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.[Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler–China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.[Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,Filled Premium Soft Fluffy Poly Fiber Fill Hypoallergenic Cotton Polyester Pillow,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.[Vacuum Cleaner Cleaning,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder–Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds]SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.[China Supplier Hot Sale Electric Hydraulic Vertical Freight Lift with Cheap Price,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine] However,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-AM has not been reported.
Here,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine-Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
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Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(MakerBot IndustriesNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, with the extruder moving from left to right (155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage).High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. The schematic shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard.
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. (a)Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts. (b)Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.[Galvanized Welded Mesh]Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, a small slit or pre-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders. Finally,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine(first tab)PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theH Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, cross-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game MachineVex.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combinationshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFlat Comfortable and Lightweight Sports Shoes Outdoor Shoes. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color).Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument,σT,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(see Section 2.3).[250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Needle for Crochet Machine.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card SleevesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. AsTexincreases,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester GlovesVexas shown inCaterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. The influence ofTexandVexTwilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywoodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
