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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–Tungsten Carbide Sintered Balls] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Rapid Manufacturing High Quality Custom Made Plastic Parts Injection Moulding,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070(Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.[Good Bending Result and Competitive Price Full Automatic Bag Frame Bending Machine,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.[Automatic Electric Fried Plain Wavy Potato Chips Making Machine,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting-AM has not been reported.
Here,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet-Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.
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2.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts
Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, with the extruder moving from left to right (Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box).Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-FRP Profile Made in China(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. The schematic shown inGood Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.
High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. (a)10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. (b)Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.[Co2 Laser Cutter Directly Sale]Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory, a small slit or pre-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter. Finally,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color(first tab)Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, cross-Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME CertificatesVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChristmas Gift Box. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen,σT,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arJiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-parallel to the print.
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Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. Cross-Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLaminated Pp Non Woven High Quality Supplier. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light, which all had significantly smaller,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal ClipTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. AsTexincreases,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet, leading to a stronger weld.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial GlovesVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVex360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.
Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension BoltsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inInventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China, respectively,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm-AM.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.
Acknowledgments
Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
