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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube-Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–Trailer RV Vision Security] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,Duosida CCS Combo 1 IEC 62196-3 150A DC CCS1 Socket Inlet Ce Approval,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.[Custom Plastic Injection Moulding Manufacturer,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.[Bar Table And Chairs,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-AM has not been reported.
Here,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing-Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.
Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve
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Galvanized Bar Grating(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator).Forging Metal Building Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED. The schematic shown inFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. (a)Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval. (b)High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.[www.tunnelcutter.com]Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine, a small slit or pre-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. Finally,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag(first tab)Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier, cross-Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for SaleVex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support,σT,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags-parallel to the print.
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Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019. Cross-Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.3, and are displayed in165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHot Sales For Air Filter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, which all had significantly smaller,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow WhiteTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. AsTexincreases,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents, leading to a stronger weld.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin ConnectorVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexHeat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.
5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect FittingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter/or extrusion.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine)).Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame, respectively,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.
4 Conclusions
5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames-AM.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.
Acknowledgments
IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
