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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–Ground Earth Rod] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,High Capacity Yingli IEC Ylm 12bb Mbb 60 Cell 285W Mono Portable Solar System for Your Home with High Quality in Nigeria,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.[Good Quality Pillow for Pregnant Wome Body Pregnant Pillow Case,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.[factory hot sell cylindrical clear glass candle holder,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-AM has not been reported.
Here,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine-4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.
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Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate).Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.[Used Scaffolding For Sale In Uae]Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter, a small slit or pre-3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station. Finally,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price(first tab)Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings, cross-Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding PaperVex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.xsz-cnc.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer,σT,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera(see Section 2.3).[PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories-parallel to the print.
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Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings. Cross-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.3, and are displayed inGalvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inJunction Box/Power Supply Box with Heat Sink Aluminum Enclosure Die Casting for Motorcycle Parts /Electric Vehicle Parts. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer, which all had significantly smaller,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor MatTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. AsTexincreases,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium NetVexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.
High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V/or extrusion.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System)).Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock, respectively,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.
4 Conclusions
Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light-AM.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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