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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building–New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder–dmgstainless] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.[Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override–Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.[OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,Mini Alcohol Bottles,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery]Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.[T2 Male Supply Plug Tot2 Female Connector for EV Charger,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door–Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler]8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.[Bathroom Drain Odor Proof Sewer Pipe High Quality Supplier,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle] However,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-AM has not been reported.
Here,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc-High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.
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2.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts
Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(MakerBot IndustriesFiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, with the extruder moving from left to right (Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch).Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Amber Ceramic Glass, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet]PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. The schematic shown inWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.
Cable Protection Conduit. (a)Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013). (b)New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.[China Swimwear Beachwear]Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, a small slit or pre-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. Finally,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*(first tab)Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theVickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, cross-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet UnderlayVex. Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNitrous Oxide Gas Cylinder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine).Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003,σT,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(see Section 2.3).[Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-parallel to the print.
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GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig. Cross-Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.3, and are displayed in2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSquare Steel Pipe Class. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27, which all had significantly smaller,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. AsTexincreases,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample, leading to a stronger weld.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar HammerVexas shown inRed PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The influence ofTexandVexCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.
2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPlastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion MachinesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery/or extrusion.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model))).Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel, respectively,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.
4 Conclusions
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS-AM.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.
Acknowledgments
Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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