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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press–Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing–China Beautiful Yoga Mats Uk] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.[Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample–5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.[NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,China Manufacture Widely Applicable Farming Equipment Animal Feed Production Poultry Feed Production Equipment for Sale,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ High Quality (DU650)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.[Connectable LED Linear Trunking Light Office Linear Light,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine–Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant]Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.[20 40 Stainless Steel High Pressure Cartridge Filter Housing China Factory,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens] However,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm-Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.
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Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(MakerBot Industries25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H).Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. The schematic shown inBestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.[Mono Pv Module]Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, a small slit or pre-99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing. Finally,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme(first tab)Galvanized Bar Grating(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Forging Metal Building Parts, cross-Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Horizon in Line Helical GearboxVex.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steelshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inEMC Approved 9 Inch 225W Round LED Driving Head Light. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.[ Catch Fish Game Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace).Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval,σT,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector(see Section 2.3).[New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine-parallel to the print.
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Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. Cross-for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.3, and are displayed inDedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inRoller Pressing Fertilizer Granulation Equipment. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof, which all had significantly smaller,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and BlackTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. AsTexincreases,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale, leading to a stronger weld.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital SignageVexas shown inWholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. The influence ofTexandVexChina Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.
Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMen′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support/or extrusion.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials)).Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag, respectively,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
4 Conclusions
Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings-AM.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.
Acknowledgments
Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
