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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Football Scoreboard] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Epe Foam Plastic Netting Making Machinery Factory OEM/ODM Products,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.[Scrap Tire Production Line to Rubber Powder Tire Crumb Rubber Recycling Machine,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.[Epdm Reclaimed Rubber,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-AM has not been reported.
Here,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter-Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.
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High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, with the extruder moving from left to right (Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer).Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). The schematic shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.
China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. (a)DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness. (b)Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.[Military Camouflage Net]HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, a small slit or pre-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. Finally,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker(first tab)8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, cross-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive StampingVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLinyi Multi-Layer Wood Hot Press Machine for Plywood Making. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).Small Bar Fridges for Drinks,σT,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor-parallel to the print.
3.Amber Ceramic Glass
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. Cross-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inEco Shopping Bag. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cable Protection Conduit/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. AsTexincreases,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer, leading to a stronger weld.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin PurseVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVex250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWomen High Waist Belly Control PantsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB-AM.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.
Acknowledgments
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
