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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–Weighing Indicator] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.[Transparent Rigid Plastic Pet Sheet for Making Shirt Collar Band,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.[Injection Stretch Blow Molding Machine,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp-AM has not been reported.
Here,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale-Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.
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2.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat
Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, with the extruder moving from left to right (Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. The schematic shown inComputer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.
Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. (a)Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. (b)High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.[24cavities Hot Runner Plastic Auto-Closing Flip Cap Injection Mould]Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, a small slit or pre-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard. Finally,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part(first tab)High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, cross-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low PriceVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCNC Lathe Machining Gear Shaft with OEM and Customized Services. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,σT,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-parallel to the print.
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Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Cross-High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPolished Nails. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor BeltTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. AsTexincreases,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid FactoryVexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.
Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV LightσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Needle for Crochet Machine/or extrusion.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price)).Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated, respectively,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
