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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–Stainless Steel Threaded Inserts Hex Aluminum Blind Rivet Nut] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,PLA 1.75mm Plastic Product Material for 3D Printing,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture(Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.[Polycarbonate Shutter Door Slats Supplier & Factory,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.[Environmentally Friendly Rubber Playground Crumb Rubber Tiles,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material-AM has not been reported.
Here,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube-Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.
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2.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge
Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight, with the extruder moving from left to right (2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr).Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. The schematic shown inStainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.[8/16 Stands Polyethylene Hollow Braided Rope]Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, a small slit or pre-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Finally,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader(first tab)Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved, cross-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small ChildrenVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inProfessional Facrory Supply Customized Welding Parts. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel,σT,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCimc 6cbm Offshore Container(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-parallel to the print.
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Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Cross-500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLatex Free or Latex. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver, which all had significantly smaller,Aluminium Blind Rivets. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOTTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding. AsTexincreases,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel, leading to a stronger weld.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer HeadVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexBulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.
Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup-Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box-AM.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
