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Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Seamless Sports Legging for Women
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
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Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture

Abstract

China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–Cheap Mobile Phone Power Bank 8000mAh Portable Charger High Quality] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,Stainless Steel Double Sliding 10mm Thick safety Tempered Glass Shower Door,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.[Unimin Quartz Silica Sand 60-120 Mesh for Quartz Ingot,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.[Quality PE Lure Bag Variety of Colour DSL18,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-AM has not been reported.

Here,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine-Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.

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Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, with the extruder moving from left to right (Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7).Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. The schematic shown inFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. (a)Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.Amber Ceramic Glass. (b)Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.[Hot Sale Cabinet Dryer for Screen Printer Tdp- 70100]High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cable Protection Conduit, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. Finally,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(first tab)China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, cross-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel ProductsVex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLow Brightness High Gray P2 P2.5 Indoor LED Banner Poster. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material,σT,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(see Section 2.3).[PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-parallel to the print.

3.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine

OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. Cross-Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).3, and are displayed inGalvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGraphite Electrode And Nipple. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003, which all had significantly smaller,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power PlugTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. AsTexincreases,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig, leading to a stronger weld.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for SaleVexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVex110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTElectric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm/or extrusion.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System)).Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube, respectively,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.

4 Conclusions

Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. This measurement technique is a straightforward,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel-AM.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.

Acknowledgments

Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W][Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler][Houseware Cleaning Products Microfiber Spray Mop with Good Quality]