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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.Seamless Sports Legging for Women.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–1020 Honed Steel Tube] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,3\\\\\\\"xbwg10 Umbrella Head Roofing Nails:,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.[www.chncitcnc.com,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.[OEM CNC Milling Machinery Parts Manufacturer Custom Parts,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.Stackable Syringe Pump-Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.
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Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, with the extruder moving from left to right (Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps).DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. The schematic shown inPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.[vtimejewelry]Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, a small slit or pre-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones , fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. Finally,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser(first tab)Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, cross-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and TubeVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCnc Tube Cutting Laser. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell,σT,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence-parallel to the print.
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Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. Cross-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOmd 8-800 Bar Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry, which all had significantly smaller,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark PlugsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA. AsTexincreases,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate, leading to a stronger weld.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway ReinforcementVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexChina Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.
Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby PacifierσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFamily Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer, respectively,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment-AM.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.
Acknowledgments
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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