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Addit Manuf.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
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Abstract

Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light-48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.Spacer CNC Machining Parts.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens–25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp–Chinese Custom Made Kitchen Cabinets Modern Kitchen Furniture (BVK-173)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.[Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification–3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.[Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,Customized Micro CNC Precision Parts Auto Parts,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Catch Fish Game Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).[High Precision PCB Plate Making Machine PCB2300,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine–High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator]AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.[Plaid Printed Duvet Cover Set,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series] However,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule-AM has not been reported.

Here,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality-60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.

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2.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket

Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(MakerBot IndustriesOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, with the extruder moving from left to right (Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826).Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. The schematic shown inTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice. (a)UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders. (b)Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.[Change Over Load Safety Isolating Switch]Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, a small slit or pre-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. Finally,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass(first tab)2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens, cross-SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016Vex.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlayshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Croygenic Swing Check Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Automatic Double Vacuum Table CNC Cutting Machine for Camera Glass Cover. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDie Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts).Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe,σT,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(see Section 2.3).[Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-parallel to the print.

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Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. Cross-Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.3, and are displayed inScrew Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCommerical Furniture Home Used Baby High Chairs in Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation, which all had significantly smaller,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration GramophoneTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSelling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. AsTexincreases,Security Padlock, leading to a stronger weld.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR AdapterVexas shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The influence ofTexandVexOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTManufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agriculturalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve/or extrusion.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]Seamless Sports Legging for Women-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8)).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inNational Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion, respectively,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.

4 Conclusions

0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stackable Syringe Pump-AM.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.

Acknowledgments

Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element][Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer][Air Staple Gun Manufacturers Cheap Price]