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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–AAC Concrete Clock Making Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,360 Degree Kitchen Faucet,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]Amber Ceramic Glass.[hbzhongrunfelt,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.[www.nbtopvision.com,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence-AM has not been reported.
Here,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer,Cable Protection Conduit.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting-Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.
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2.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126
China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, with the extruder moving from left to right (250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower).Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Women High Waist Belly Control Pants, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. The schematic shown inGround High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.
Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. (a)Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. (b)Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.[Good Price 3m Sticky Tag]Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, a small slit or pre-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. Finally,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)(first tab)Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price, cross-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling RigVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inConveyor Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm,σT,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-parallel to the print.
3.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines
45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB. Cross-Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPalm Coated Gripping Safety Working Latex Gloves Rigger Safety Gloves. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery, which all had significantly smaller,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double GlassTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. AsTexincreases,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard, leading to a stronger weld.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage CylinderVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler/or extrusion.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support)).Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108, respectively,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCroygenic Swing Check Valve.
4 Conclusions
The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts-AM.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.
Acknowledgments
China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
