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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory-5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle–Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children–Transparent Glass LED Display-P6.25mm Indoor Full Color LED Mesh Screen] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.[Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E–Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.[Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,Honed Traveritne, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.[China Supplier PVC Plastic Em Card for Access Control,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance–Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved]2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.[Used for Automobile Exhaust Catalyst of Semi-Finished Products Processing,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine] However,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438-AM has not been reported.
Here,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame-Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.
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Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. (a)Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control. (b)12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.[fasion women shoes]Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), a small slit or pre-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming. Finally,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap(first tab)10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCroygenic Swing Check Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp, cross-Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 LevelVex.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCountersunk N35 Permanent Neodymium NdFeB Pot Magnet of Magnetic Assembly. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush).Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou,σT,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(see Section 2.3).[National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock WasherTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm. AsTexincreases,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera, leading to a stronger weld.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding DecorationVexas shown inMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator. The influence ofTexandVexV3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.
Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT15ml Square Glass Roll on BottleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle-AM.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.
Acknowledgments
Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
