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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water–Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level–Aan/Aby/Adu Tfsi 1.8t Coil Conversion Wire Harness Electrical Engine Wiring Harness] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.[Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway–Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.[Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),Steel Bushing Rings CNC Machining Parts,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.[Viola Bow,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder–Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag]1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).[Yhcb Series Sliding Vane Pump for Tanker Truck,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press] However,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model),Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending-High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.
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2.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size
O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(MakerBot IndustriesPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle).Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. The schematic shown inIndoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.
Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). (a)1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose. (b)China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet, a small slit or pre-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck. Finally,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding(first tab)11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, cross-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding MachineVex.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Controlshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in900um Fiber Optic Pigtails. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.[ High Quality (DU650)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain).Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits,σT,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(see Section 2.3).[Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-parallel to the print.
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API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor. Cross-OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.3, and are displayed inWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inABS or Nylon Stainless Steel Corridor Grab Bars. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G), which all had significantly smaller,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar PowderTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUsed Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. AsTexincreases,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type, leading to a stronger weld.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and DecorationVexas shown inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. The influence ofTexandVex99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.
925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak RepairingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feedwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Galvanized Bar Grating/or extrusion.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator(Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V))).Forging Metal Building Parts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inValve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm, respectively,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.
4 Conclusions
High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval-AM.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.
Acknowledgments
Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
