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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm–Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine–CNC Deep Hole Drilling Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.[Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08–Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.[Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,SGS and Ce Standard Automatic Aluminum Tube Filling Sealing Machine,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[FRP Profile Made in China] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle]Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.[Timethinker S4 Smart Watch Kids Agps Lbs Watches SIM Card Android Ios Child Smartwatch Sos Call Location Tracker Reloj Hombre,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy–High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS]Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.[China Most Popular spiral Coffee Waste Dewatering Machine with Competitive Price,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory] However,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-AM has not been reported.
Here,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground-Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.
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50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer(MakerBot IndustriesQ235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved).Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal]IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building. The schematic shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.
Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. (a)Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D. (b)Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).[High Quality Oil for Bont Sfk Bearings Chrome Bearings Ceramic Bearings]Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, a small slit or pre-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Finally,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store(first tab)LED Module 25W 3000K(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustomized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the etc).Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, cross-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Bulk Washing Powder DetergentVex.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with ULshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTisco Brand 316L Stainless Steel Sheet with Mirror Finish. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.[Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip).CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance,σT,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens(see Section 2.3).[Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector]Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-parallel to the print.
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Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder),Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand. Cross-Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.3, and are displayed inRepalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest Tin Ingots with Low Price for Your Use. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine, which all had significantly smaller,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water HoseTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. AsTexincreases,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock, leading to a stronger weld.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon WasherVexas shown inVertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. The influence ofTexandVexCvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.
High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry ManagementσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Buildingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts-White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. This measurement technique is a straightforward,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine-AM.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.
Acknowledgments
Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
