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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Metallized BOPP Film for Capacitor (mpp AlZlMPP)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,(T) PE Recycle Plastic Valve Gaskets for Trigger Sprayer,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending(High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.[Hospital Medical Flexible IV Stand,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.[Snack Foods and Sauces,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.
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Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140), with the extruder moving from left to right (1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes).European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. The schematic shown inSteam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.[Znse Zinc Selenide Laser IR Lens]Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, a small slit or pre-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. Finally,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price(first tab)OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, cross-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/HVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.hanyingcultural.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G),σT,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler-parallel to the print.
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4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Cross-Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina double screw pelletizing machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building, which all had significantly smaller,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Galvanized Bar GratingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price. AsTexincreases,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator, leading to a stronger weld.Forging Metal Building PartsVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexValve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.
Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHorizon in Line Helical GearboxσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine/or extrusion.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A)).CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, respectively,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
4 Conclusions
Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof-AM.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.
Acknowledgments
Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
