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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Security Padlock, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–www.handypowercord.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Seamless Sports Legging for Women.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,Embossing Roller for Paper Leather Fabric,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.[LiFePO4 Battery for Agv/Automated Guided Vehicle /Robot Battery 24V 100ah for Solar Street Light Solar System,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.[Outdoor Playground Slide New Design Equipment Children Plastic Amusement Equipment,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-AM has not been reported.
Here,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool-Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.
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2.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale
up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate).Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box. The schematic shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. (a)PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. (b)Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).[China Fishing Net Mesh]Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, a small slit or pre-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Finally,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones , making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)(first tab)Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, cross-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled PersonVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCeramic Tube Alumina. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr,σT,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-parallel to the print.
3.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding
5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). Cross-Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inIndustrial Waste Water Treatment. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out, which all had significantly smaller,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. AsTexincreases,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.
PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air CleanerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container-AM.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.
Acknowledgments
Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
