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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Halogen Lamp 1000w 240v] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Electronic Universal Material Testing Machine,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27(Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.[64k Blank Smart Card Factory OEM/ODM Products,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.[4 Pin Header,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-AM has not been reported.
Here,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube-2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.
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Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery).13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. The schematic shown inDouble Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. (a)Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap. (b)High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.[Custom Size Data Strip for Supermarket Shelves]Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line, a small slit or pre-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108. Finally,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring(first tab)Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, cross-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate PartsVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAuto Loading Cnc Router. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,σT,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-parallel to the print.
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0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Cross-1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOutdoor Wall Fence. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay, which all had significantly smaller,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTToray Media Dust Filter CartridgeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material)).SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve, respectively,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.
4 Conclusions
a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)-AM.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.
Acknowledgments
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Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
