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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Safety Emergency Stand Eyewash Station] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Good Price 2019 New Commercial Treadmill Gym Equipment,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136(Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.[Industrial Gold Metal Detector for Medicine,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.[Ww-9312 Cg125 Intake Mainfold Carburettor Insulator Connector Motorcycle Parts,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder-AM has not been reported.
Here,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen-Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.
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2.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag
Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine).Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. The schematic shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.
Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. (a)Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet. (b)Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.[Home Appliance Membrane Panels/Lenses with SGS]High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal, a small slit or pre-Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. Finally,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug(first tab)Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), cross-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap MakingVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inStainless Steelcoils. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,σT,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve-parallel to the print.
3.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag
1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. Cross-Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Quality MPO Singlemode Duplex Fiber Optic Adapter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z, which all had significantly smaller,3.7*60 Concrete Nails. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden ToolTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve. AsTexincreases,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar BottleVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).
High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMembrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane KeyboardσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103),PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors-AM.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.
Acknowledgments
Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
