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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–M6 Thermocouple] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,Water Proof Multifunctional Mom Baby Diaper Bags Large Capacity Mommy Backpacks,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price(2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).[Power Industry HDG Cable Tray,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.[Products,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer-Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.
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2.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover
Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), with the extruder moving from left to right (3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter).800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. The schematic shown inPromotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.
Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. (a)Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding. (b)1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.[4mm Double Walls Polycarbonate Hollow Sheet For Green House]Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, a small slit or pre-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending. Finally,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size(first tab)O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light, cross-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01Vex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inStainless Steel Centrifugal Milk Cream Separator with High Quality. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose,σT,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSerrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-parallel to the print.
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Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck. Cross-Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.3, and are displayed inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inJp-Gc202 Stainless Steel Body 2 Burner Gas Stove. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018, which all had significantly smaller,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant PlasticizerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). AsTexincreases,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine, leading to a stronger weld.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast AsiaVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVexPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.
Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits/or extrusion.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption]20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System)).Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle, respectively,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
4 Conclusions
OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G),Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging-AM.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.
Acknowledgments
4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
