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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–Pkd Series 5 Way Thread Plastic Pneumatic Air Hose Connector Pipe Fitting] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.[Cortador de laser de discos de fibra,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.[10 Inch Hdmi Monitor,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box-Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.
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2.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes
FRP Profile Made in China(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, with the extruder moving from left to right (75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale).H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). The schematic shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.
Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. (a)2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm. (b)Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.[Competitive Price Wood Chipper with Ce Certification (BX42)]2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color, a small slit or pre-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. Finally,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign(first tab)Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, cross-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1Vex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCo2 Laser Machine For Scar Removal. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine,σT,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp-parallel to the print.
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6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. Cross-Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.3, and are displayed in21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in24V Ultrasonic Fogger 100mL Aroma Diffuser LED Light. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip, which all had significantly smaller,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension BoltsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inZoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. AsTexincreases,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park, leading to a stronger weld.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory PriceVexas shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The influence ofTexandVexMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for SaleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug-Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector/or extrusion.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor)).Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, respectively,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.
4 Conclusions
Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips-AM.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
Acknowledgments
Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
