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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration–Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag–Automotive Switch] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.[Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag–Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.[Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Headlight Vacuum Metallizing Machine,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.[www.nbhonghuan.com,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit–Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery]40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.[m.suase-plastic-mould.com,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)] However,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery-AM has not been reported.
Here,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor-Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.
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Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(MakerBot IndustriesFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy, with the extruder moving from left to right (Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm).300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. The schematic shown inSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.[www.meditecho2.com]China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding, a small slit or pre-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. Finally,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch(first tab)Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, cross-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft PartsVex.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bagshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality Fish Pellet Food Making Machine Floating Fish Feed Extruder Machine Pet Fish Feed Production. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels).Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,σT,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(see Section 2.3).[PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage TransformerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower. AsTexincreases,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter, leading to a stronger weld.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer GlassVexas shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. The influence ofTexandVexGarden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.
Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for BodybuildingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Bandingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring-AM.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.
Acknowledgments
Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
