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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 304
- Tear Video.Hot Sell Landscape Superior Garden Synthetic Turf Artificial Grass for Standard Football Field(1.0M)GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–Cat Head Cat Scratcher Fat] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Rock Drill Bits, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.[Professional Neodymium Compression Driver,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.[Tungsten Sulfide Supplier & Factory,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes-AM has not been reported.
Here,FRP Profile Made in China-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.
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Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), with the extruder moving from left to right (Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding).Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. The schematic shown inNylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.
2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. (a)Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. (b)Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.[100w Uv Led Curing System]Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, a small slit or pre-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. Finally,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing(first tab)External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, cross-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making MachineVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFengda TUV Ce Certificated 6mm Copper PV Solar Cable. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter,σT,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-parallel to the print.
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Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Cross-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLaser Cut Cutter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park, which all had significantly smaller,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory ChinaTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. AsTexincreases,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector, leading to a stronger weld.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)Vexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVexAgricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.
Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap MakingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, respectively,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. This measurement technique is a straightforward,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z-AM.3.7*60 Concrete Nails-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.
Acknowledgments
OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
