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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–China Safety Long Boom Mini Excavator Track Chain Hydraulic Pump] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Galvanized Bar Grating.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,m.hdfmills.com,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator(Forging Metal Building Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.[Home Use 8W Radiation-Free Flies Electric Mosquito Killer Lamp,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6),Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.[Fashlight Personal Safety Alarm for Women,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable-AM has not been reported.
Here,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator-CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.
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2.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal
OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, with the extruder moving from left to right (Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe).Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. The schematic shown inPlastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.
Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt. (a)W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black. (b)Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.[www.czmtev.com]Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks, a small slit or pre-Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design. Finally,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood(first tab)Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags, cross-Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019Vex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inIndustrial Steel Pipe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,σT,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLow Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China-parallel to the print.
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Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip. Cross-Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFashion 925 Sterling Silver Pendants Necklace Jewelry. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter, which all had significantly smaller,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle AxesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. AsTexincreases,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price, leading to a stronger weld.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video CameraVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVex80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTIndustrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup] IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inIndustry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness, respectively,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living-AM.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.
Acknowledgments
Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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