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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)-Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–Fire-Resistance Tent Fabric with PVC Coating] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Case For Iphone 6,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.[m.foneng.net,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.[Flame Retardant Cable Nhmh,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory-AM has not been reported.
Here,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar-21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.
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2.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube
Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, with the extruder moving from left to right (Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe).PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.[Air Compressor Electric Type]Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo, a small slit or pre-CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine. Finally,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift(first tab)Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), cross-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine FormingVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAllen Socket Screw Bolt. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,σT,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-parallel to the print.
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2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station. Cross-Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPowered Pool Lift Swimming Lift. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou, which all had significantly smaller,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Galvanized Square Nut for Machine BoltTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. AsTexincreases,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper, leading to a stronger weld.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)Vexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexPet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural-Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inV3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099, respectively,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress-AM.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.
Acknowledgments
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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