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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–E6000 Handheld Three Phase Power Quality and Energy Analyzer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Prefabricated Steel Shed with Steel Frame and Color Steel Sheet,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.[Square Duct Making Machine /Ducts Manufacture Auto Line 5/Rectangular Air Pipe Forming Line V,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.[VA-P8500S Evacuation Voice Alarm PA System 8 Channel 500W Audio Power Amplifier,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-AM has not been reported.
Here,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard-Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace.
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Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women).OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. The schematic shown inWholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts. (a)Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag. (b)2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10.4inch Industrial Tablet.[Cube Pressing Machine]Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors, a small slit or pre-Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person. Finally,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column(first tab)10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, cross-Croygenic Lift Check Valve. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled CableVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPrintable Sticker Paper. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor,σT,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor-parallel to the print.
3.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building
Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head. Cross-High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inH12w Check Valve. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls, which all had significantly smaller,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum PlateTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). AsTexincreases,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter, leading to a stronger weld.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker ChiselVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar StreetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCustomized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding, respectively,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model),Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper-AM.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.
Acknowledgments
Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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