Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint SurgeryDiisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Spacer CNC Machining Parts-Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–Manufacturer Supply High Quality Cheap Farm and Field Fence] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Yellow Red Custom Color Adhesive Duct PVC PE Warning Tape,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)(AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.[Iron Strapping Tool,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.[Battery Spring,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels-AM has not been reported.
Here,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export-Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.
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Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway).Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice. The schematic shown inUL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.
Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. (a)Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. (b)PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.[Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder]Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire, a small slit or pre-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder. Finally,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift(first tab)Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, cross-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Croygenic Swing Check Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel CastingsVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality Customized Yoga Tights Gym Pants Women Sports Leggings. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,σT,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-parallel to the print.
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Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation. Cross-Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPLC Control Auto Tapping Machine M3-M16 Completely Self Tapping Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Security PadlockTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter. AsTexincreases,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag, leading to a stronger weld.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane PulpVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexManufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHalogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating LampσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,Seamless Sports Legging for Women.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook, respectively,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.Stackable Syringe Pump.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags-AM.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.
Acknowledgments
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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